用药的误区及其理论分析

使用药物是我们日常生活的一个重要部分。但是，人们对药物的使用普遍存在着误区，这些误区导致临床上产生许多药源性的疾病和不可逆的脏器损害。此文章通过对这些误区的分析，给人们正确、合理使用药物提供科学的理论依据。     

Bacterial nonspecific acid phosphohydrolases: physiology, evolution and use as tools in microbial biotechnology

Bacterial nonspecific acid phosphohydrolases (NSAPs) are secreted enzymes, produced as soluble periplasmic proteins or as membrane-bound lipoproteins, that are usually able to dephosphorylate a broad array of structurally unrelated substrates and exhibit optimal catalytic activity at acidic to neutral pH values. Bacterial NSAPs are monomeric or oligomeric proteins containing polypeptide components with an M _r of 25 – 30 kDa. On the basis of amino acid sequence relatedness, three different molecular families of NSAPs can be distinguished, indicated as molecular class A, B and C, respectively. Members of each class share some common biophysical and functional features, but may also exhibit functional differences. NSAPs have been detected in several microbial taxa, and enzymes of different classes can be produced by the same bacterial species. Structural and phyletic relationships exist among the various bacterial NSAPs and some other bacterial and eucaryotic phosphohydrolases. Current knowledge on bacterial NSAPs is reviewed, together with analytical tools that may be useful for their characterization. An overview is also presented concerning the use of bacterial NSAPs in biotechnology. Received 21 November 1997; received after revision 10 March 1998; accepted 10 March 1998     

EM菌剂在畜牧业中的应用(综述)

综述了ＥＭ （有效微生物群）对减少畜禽发病、提高生产性能和肉蛋品质、消除粪便恶臭等作用原理及其应用效果，并介绍了ＥＭ 的使用方法。     

利用发光细菌测定人体血清杀菌活性的研究

本文报导了以发光细菌作指示生物,以相对发光强度的变化为指标,测定人体血清样品总补体活性(CH_(50))的新方法.当把发光细菌和正常人体血清混和培养时,由于血清的杀菌作用而使细菌体内发光强度减弱,且光强度的减弱程度直接与活菌数的减少以及血清浓度相关联.用这一方法测定了199个人体血清样品,并与常规方法测定结果作比较,表明所有CH_(50)值正常的人血清样品抑制细菌发光能力明显大于CH_(50)值不正常的人血清样品,而且抑制细菌发光50%所得结果与常规CH_(50)试验结果一致.发光细菌测定法是一种简便、快速、灵敏的方法.     

Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms

Summary Bacteria, and other microorganisms, exhibit a number of metabolism-dependent and-independent processes or the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides. The removal of such harmful substances from effluents and waste waters by microbe-based technologies may provide an alternative or additional means of metal/radionuclide recovery for economic reasons and/or environmental protection. Both living and dead cells as well as products derived from or produced by microorganisms can be effective metal accumulators and there is evidence that some biomass-based clean-up processes are economically viable. However, many aspects of metal-microbe interactions remain unexploited in biotechnology and further development and application is necessary, particularly to the problem of radionuclide release into the environment.     

Starvation and penetration of bacteria in soils and rocks

Summary The soil and subsurface strata are low nutrient environments and their bacterial inhabitants must adopt starvation responses to survive. These responses include the formation of dormant, viable cells which, although reduced in cell size and volume, are able to respond to any improvement in nutrient availability. Starved bacteria are able to survive for extended periods without nutrients and their reduced size allows them to disperse deeply within rocks and soils greatly improving their penetration. These combined factors may increase opportunities for bacteria to reach a deep waste disposal site.     

利用发光细菌测定人体血清杀菌活性的研究

本文报导了以发光细菌作指示生物,以相对发光强度的变化为指标,测定人体血清样品总补体活性(CH_(50))的新方法。当把发光细菌和正常人体血清混和培养时,由于血清的杀菌作用而使细菌体内发光强度减弱,且光强度的减弱程度直接与活菌数的减少以及血清浓度相关联。用这一方法测定了199个人体血清样品,并与常规方法测定结果作比较,表明所有CH_(50)值正常的人血清样品抑制细菌发光能力明显大于CH_(50)值不正常的人血清样品,而且抑制细菌发光50％所得结果与常规CH_(50)试验结果一致。发光细菌测定法是一种简便、快速、灵敏的方法。     

利用发光细菌快速测定农药的研究

本文报导了部分农药和除草剂对明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)A_2的影响。这些化学物质最低抑制细菌发光的极限浓度分别是:Goal,0.1ppm;灭草特,1.0ppm;以及其他物质都在5.0～10.0ppm左右。因而用发光细菌作指示生物测定部分农药和除草剂的浓度是一种简便,快速、灵敏的方法。     

食醋对15种病原菌最低抑菌浓度测定

采用微量稀释法，检测食醋对１５种常见病原菌的最低抑菌家度。结果表明：浓度为１：２０食醋（ＰＨ＝４．４２）对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有抑制作用；浓度为１：４０食醋（ＰＨ＝４．８１）对大肠大杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、粪肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌有抑制作用；浓度为１：８０食醋（ＰＨ＝５．３８）对伤寒沙门氏菌等８种细菌有抑制作用。食醋对１５种病原菌的最低抑菌浓度为１：２０－１：８０，即ＰＨ值为４．４２－５．３８。